Pest | Pathways* | ||
South American country of first record | Primary pathways | Probable pathways of introduction | |
Ceratitis capitata | Brazil | 1, 4 | 4 |
Hypothenemus hampei | Brazil | 1, 4 | 4 |
Grapholita molesta | ? | 1 | ? |
Diaphorina citri | Brazil | 1 | 4 |
Xanthomonas axonopodis | Argentina | 3, 4 | 4 |
Gonipterus scutelattus | Argentina | 1 | 1 |
Phoracantha semipunctata | ? | 1, 4 | 4 |
Stenodiplosis sorghicola | ? | 1 | ? |
Erosomyia mangiferae | Brazil | 1, 4 | 4 |
Clavibacter michiganensis | ? | 4 | 4 |
Opogona sacchari | Brazil | 1 | 4 |
Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 | Venezuela | 4 | 4 |
Panonychus ulmi | ? | 3, 4 | 4 |
Gonipterus scutellatus | Brazil | 1 | 4 |
Tuta absoluta | Argentina | 1 | 1 |
Guignardia citricarpa | Brazil | 4 | 4 |
Anthonomus grandis | Venezuela | 1 | 1 or 4 |
Conotrachelus denieri | Argentina or Paraguay | 1 | 1 |
Xylella fastidiosa | Argentina | 2, 4 | 4 |
Sirex noctilio | Uruguay | 1, 4 | 4 |
Bemisia tabaci B biotype | Brazil | 1 | 1 or 4 |
Cydia pomonella | Chile | 1,4 | 4 |
Thrips palmi | Venezuela | 1 | 1 |
Bactrocera carambolae | Suriname | 1 | 1 |
Dactylopius opuntiae | Brazil | 1,4 | 6 |
Phyllocnistis citrella | Brazil | 1 | 1 |
Cinara pinivora | ? | 1, 4 | 1 |
Cinara atlantica | ? | 1, 4 | 1 |
Mycosphaerella fijiensis | Equador | 3, 4 | 4 |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vitícola | ? | 4 | 4 |
Zaprionus indianus | Brazil | 1 | 4 |
Hyblaea puera | ? | 1 | 1 |
Pineus boeneri | Argentina | 1 | 1 |
Pissodes castaneum | Chile | 1 | 1 |